Due to the need for legal action to protect Traditional knowledge and medicine, efforts to prevent unauthorized use and to consolidate the possession of the owner countries on this knowledge have been made in the international arena. One of the key and most challenging proposed mechanisms for protection of Traditional knowledge and medicine is disclosure Requirements through the sui generis system of Traditional knowledge protection. According to this proposal which targets misappropriation of Traditional medicine through patent applications involving the utilization of Traditional knowledge, patent applicants would be required to disclose the country providing such resources, and to provide relevant information regarding compliance with prior informed consent and access and fair and equitable benefit. The question that this Article tries to examine is to what extent the disclosure requirement could provide effective protection for Traditional medicine and prevent biopiracy? Also, as it is proposed that these requirement to be incorporated in TRIPS Agreement within World Trade Organization and draft articles for protection of Traditional knowledge in World Intellectual Property Organization, this Article will analyses the process and challenges of both proposals.

Dear Editor, The present age witnesses incredibly huge volumes of human knowledge in the cyberspace which facilitates access to knowledge either in the form of science or pseudo-science (1). In addition, individuals are now familiar with search tools on the web for meeting their daily basic needs (such as transportation and banking) and some of their higher-order needs such as health, diseases and lifestyle. Admittedly, the pandemic era gave rise to the prevalence of virtual tools in education and daily life. Now in the post-Covid-19 world, learners tend to find a solution to most of their educational needs in particular from the worldwide web (2), and most may even develop a sense of disinclination towards Traditional higher textbooks. While specialists are trained in universities or higher education institutes, cyberspace facilities (e. g. YouTube, etc. ) keep functioning like freelyaccessed virtual learning environments where individuals from miles away attend virtual presentations to acquire functional skills (3) for self-employment, only some of whom may seek degrees/certificates in due course if universities succeed in recruiting them into innovative and blended programs. Consequently, when admitted to universities, these individuals bring unknown worlds of ideas into educational settings...

To keep their tradition alive, the people of Japan promote it popularly that In addition to the domestic audience, there are many audiences around the world from any age group. Anime covers a variety of subjects including science-fiction, romance, legend, and myth. Like the Tale of Princess Kaguya anime by Japanese director Isao Takahata, based on the Japanese ancient legend of the bamboo cutter. Legends include features that can be displayed through anime. In other words, the elements present in the legends are an effective tool for creating an anime. But to present and convey the concepts contained in the myths in different eras with today's audience, some elements will be transformed or changed. Based on the available tools, it can be said that animes with Traditional themes become a part of cultural heritage and oral literature in the long run because to depict them, pictures are used that induce the presence of some Traditional and indigenous elements. "One way to convey such concepts through Traditional elements to the audience is to use intertextual relations relying on Traditional text to be used more intelligently, relying on such relations, the extent and type of presence and impact of the text in the present text can be more easily understood that which of the following is explicit or explicit, implicit and ironic". One of the tasks of an anime maker in producing animes with Traditional and cultural content is to update some Traditional elements for modern audiences, that in the field in question, all these interactions are performed on related pictures. Therefore, the purpose of writing this article is to examine some of the selected visual and Japanese Traditional elements in the anime of Princess Kaguya that have changed and they found their way into the modern world of anime pictures. And also the question that this research tries to answer is as follows: In the Princess Kaguya anime, how are some Japanese Traditional elements and concepts incorporated into the anime in the form of modern pictures? This research is of descriptive-analytical type, and Library and Internet resources have been used to collect information and data. According to the available findings, it can be said that: The Japanese director Isao Takahata used pictures related to some of the Traditional elements in Traditional paintings and illustrations, as well as popular beliefs in his native Japan, to make the Tale of Princess Kaguya anime. And uses them explicitly and implicitly as Gerard Genette puts it in his definition of intertextuality. And uses Traditional concepts in the form of modern pictures in the field of anime To influence the domestic and foreign audiences and introduce the Traditional concepts unique to their country to them. These concepts can be found in areas such as the type of clothing and makeup, the personality of Princess Kaguya, lifestyle, and the field of religion.

In most legal systems of the world, the execution of a will requires the observance of certain Requirements. These Requirements, which Traditionally deal with paper wills, have given rise to formal, holographic, and secret wills in Iranian law, and to formal, holographic, and notarized wills in American law. An important question that arises with the advancement of technology and the development of electronic communications is: if the testator wants to execute a will in the electronic space, what place will these Traditional Requirements have in it? In other words, are Traditional Requirements followed in executing an electronic will or not? In this article, an attempt is made to provide an answer to this question through the library method. In this regard, while reviewing the Traditional Requirements of executing a will, the hypothesis is proved that in Iranian law, Traditional Requirements are followed in electronic will-making; Requirements that, due to some shortcomings in the field of legislation, have prevented the electronic execution of formal and secret wills. In American law, however, there is a disagreement: on the one hand, the famous Castro and Horton cases in judicial proceedings and the Uniform Electronic Wills Act imply that electronic wills follow Traditional Requirements. On the other hand, the Nevada Statute, after deviation from Traditional Requirements, has introduced new Requirements for executing electronic wills.

Regulatory regulation is now a tool in the hands of public institutions to achieve their goals and competencies. Local councils also among these institutions within the scope of their competence in local affairs. But just as any regulator is required to adhere to some principles in enacting regulations to achieve efficiency, transparency, supervisability and promotion of accountability; local councils, considering their nature and scope of action, are required to observe some criteria in which ameliorate the regulation by these institutions and judicial review of their regulations. Therefore, the problems of the decentralized system are also avoided as much as possible and the goals of such a system are realized. The present article seeks to examine the specific Requirements for the regulation of local councils by a descriptive-analytical approach. In this regard, the present article, by exploring the Constitution and the views of the Constitutional legislator and other laws and regulations and legal doctrine, has presented principles that can significantly meet the goals of good local regulation.

Background and Purpose: In recent years, the increasing use of herbal medicine and its products has highlighted the role of herbal medicine in the global economic cycle, leading to a substantial increase in investments in this industry. It is predicted that the value of global trade in herbal medicine will reach $5 trillion by 2050. Meanwhile, Iran has a small share of global trade in this industry. This is despite the fact that Iran's climate and soil conditions are among the most favorable in the world for the cultivation and propagation of herbal medicine, enabling the capability to grow and produce thousands of species of herbal medicine. In this regard, examining the current status of the field of herbal medicine and Traditional medicine shows that there are numerous obstacles and problems facing this field. Studies show that a significant part of problems stem from improper implementation of the functions defined for the role-players in the field of herbal medicine and Traditional medicine. Materials and Methods: Given the importance of this issue, the present study has designed a system model withing the field of herbal medicine and Traditional medicine industry through a descriptive-analytical method, utilizing library study with reference to primary sources. Results: Findings show that the most important damage and problem identified in the field of herbal medicine and Traditional medicine is related to the lack of an independent structure for executive policy-making and integrated management of the supply chain of herbal medicine and Traditional medicine. Additionally, there are weaknesses in regulation and supervision of the activities of this field, particularly given the multiplicity of role-players and, indeed, the dimension of the governance system. Conclusion: Conclusively, to achieve the desired situation, the present study has developed a desirable structure in order to realize the desired governance system to realize the main functions of this system, including policy-making and strategic monitoring, regulation and arbitration, and governance control. Subsequently, the improvement action plan in the seven areas identified in the system model is depicted through a responsibility allocation matrix.

The period from the 3rd to 7th centuries AH (9th to 13th century AH) is considered as the period of growth and prosperity in knowledge within the Islamic realm, which is why it is often referred to as the Islamic Golden Age. Medical knowledge is one of the most important branches of knowledge that has grown during this period thanks to the efforts of the great scholars of Islamic civilization, especially Iranians. Hence, examining medical concepts during this period helps greatly in understanding the path of development of medical knowledge. Hot swellings (Uram Har) are one of the complications and clinical problems in the literature of Persian medicine that have attracted the attention of scholars and physicians in this period. Prominent scientists of Islamic civilization have provided classifications and definitions about Uram Har and associated diseases related in their medical books. Therefore, via reviewing and analyzing these definitions and classifications, this study endeavors to explain different views about these Uram in order to identify the types of Uram Har. Examining the views of physicians of this period reveals various types of these Uram such as Jawarsiyya, Jadri, Jamrah, Namla, etc. The clinical symptoms and causes of these swellings have been studied by scholars in different periods, which have been discussed separately in this article. This study provides a comprehensive look at the classification of hot Swellings in Persian medicine based on the views of physicians from the third to seventh centuries AH in the Islamic era, which can be the basis for future research in this field.

A wide range of Traditional cultural expressions (expressions of folklore) is consisted of literary works such as tales, folk art like drawings and paintings and folk songs and music. It would not be surprising to choose copyright law as the primary legal system in intellectual property to protect expressions of folklore since there is a close resemblance between these expressions and the protected works under copyright law. In fact, the expressions of folklore can be categorized under different protectable works in this system such as literary, musical and artistic works. This may suggest that copyright law can be opted as an appropriate regime to protect these expressions and in practice some countries have taken this approach. An accurate study of prerequisites and Requirements of protection in copyright law, however, reveals that in spite of the similarity between the expressions of folklore and works under copyright law, these expressions lack the very basic and fundamental preconditions to be considered as a protectable work under this regime such as authorship, ownership of rights, originality and fixation as well as the temporary duration of protection. Despite these shortcomings, many have tried to justify and adapt the characteristics of these expressions to such prerequisites to fit them into copyright system so that they can benefit the provided protection. It seems, however, infeasible to entirely apply copyright rules of protection to expressions of folklore. More importantly, the aim of protection is different in each of these two categories. Considering these differences, protection of expressions of folklore under copyright law, not only demands excessive exemptions in application of its rules, but also does not ultimately lead to the desirable outcome. Accordingly, it appears that imposing expressions of folklore to copyright system neither benefits these expressions nor the aforementioned system. Therefore, it would be more appropriate to structure a sui generis system in order to protect Traditional cultural expressions.

Planners and decision - makers involve with a variety of activities undertaken at different spatial scales by national, regional or local organizations. They have to be aware of new techniques surrounding them. Geography Information System (GIS) is a set of computer sciences which can help planners in different areas such as housing, industry, environmental management, urban planning and so on. In this study the following titles, the object of GIS, types of data storage, hardware and software in a GIS environment, type of information systems, and application and user of GIS will be discussed.